![]() Ten of these monarchies are hereditary, and two are elective: Vatican City (the Pope, elected at the papal conclave), and Andorra (technically a semi-elective diarchy, the joint heads of state being the elected President of France and the Bishop of Urgell, appointed by the Pope). The State of the Vatican City was recognized as a sovereign state administered by the Holy See in 1929. Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg were established or gained independence through various methods during the Napoleonic Wars. ![]() Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the UK, Spain, and Andorra are the successors to premodern monarchies. The monarchies can be divided into two broad classes: premodern states and those that gained their independence during or immediately after the Napoleonic Wars. Vatican City is a theocratic, elective monarchy ruled by the Pope. Andorra, Liechtenstein, and Monaco are principalities, while Luxembourg is a Grand Duchy. Seven are kingdoms: Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, the Netherlands, and Belgium. There remain, as of 2023, twelve sovereign monarchies in Europe. Since the end of World War I, however, most European monarchies have been abolished. Republicanism became more prevalent in the Early Modern period, but monarchy remained predominant in Europe during the 19th century. Monarchy was the prevalent form of government in the history of Europe throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the Maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy. Some Frankish leaders became Roman allies ( foederati) in the defense of the Roman frontier, and many Franks served as auxiliary soldiers in the Roman army.Map of Europe showing current monarchies (red) and republics (blue) During the course of these drawn-out struggles the Franks were gradually influenced by Roman civilization. In the mid-4th century the Franks again attempted to invade Gaul, and in 358 Rome was compelled to abandon the area between the Meuse and Scheldt rivers (now in Belgium) to the Salian Franks. In the mid-3rd century the Franks tried unsuccessfully to expand westward across the Rhine into Roman-held Gaul. These branches were related to each other by language and custom, but politically they were independent tribes. At this time they were divided into three groups: the Salians, the Ripuarians, and the Chatti, or Hessians. Linguistically, they belonged to the Rhine-Weser group of Germanic speakers. The Franks emerged into recorded history in the 3rd century ce as a Germanic tribe living on the east bank of the lower Rhine River. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more. ![]() Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions. ![]()
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